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a study of state violence in Russia
and the public's perception of it
authors
Maria Bunina, Maria Vasilevskaya, Daria Rud, Anna Maria
Filippova, Yuri Shubin, Daria Sh.
Illustrations by Asya Kiseleva
Visualization by Lyubov Zakharova
special thanks to
Людям, пережившим недозволенное обращение со стороны государства, которые доверили нам свои истории.
«Команде против пыток» за помощь с поиском респондентов, юридические консультации и конструктивную критику.
Координаторам и волонтерам за помощь с расшифровками интервью: А. Аминову А. Краевой Айя Ямалутдиновой Александру Д. Алине Щукиной Алисе Донниковой Анастасии Анастасии Вышневецкой Анастасии Г. Анастасии Коробковой Анастасии Куршевой Анастасии Максимовой Анастасии Неклюдовой Анастасии Николаевой Анастасии Рыбниковой Анастасии С. Анне Вдовиной Анне Никитиной Ане К. Ане Щетниковой Ассе Бисмют Асе С. Варваре Даниловой Варваре Дикой Васе Еленкину Веронике Каменцевой Войовнича Вербе Д. А. Кондратьевой Дарии Максимовой Дарье Ивченко Диане Гулиной Дэри В. Евгению Петрову Евгении Ефимовой Екатерине Лесных Екатерине Пахомовой Елене Овчинниковой Елизавете Вергель Елизавете Гавриловой Ивану Ивану Иванову Карине С. Кате Логиновой Кристине Савельевой Ксении Спиридоновой Лизе Смирновой Лиле Лине Челышевой Маргарите Тащиан Марине Алиевой Марине Гагариной Марии Беккер Михаилу Ат_ву Насте Рыбниковой Наталье Царюновой Наташе Рекичинской Нине Тимаковой Ольге Лариной Ольге Софт Оле Зима Полине Щеблановой Светлане Федоровой Софии Крыловой Т. Усевич Табуретке Татьяне М. Татьяне Шохман Ульяне Эдите С. Юле Антроповой Юле Тихоновой Яне Anastasiia Kooklin Elmatava Liuba Samylova И еще 32 волонтерам, пожелавшим остаться анонимными.
Экспертам и активистам, которые согласились побеседовать с нами и делились контактами: Петру Хромову; Альбине Мударисовой; Адаму Торосяну; Георгию Иванову; Леониду Агафонову; Анне Коцаревой; Светлане Яблонской; Наталье Верховой; Сергею Шунину; Алексею Федярову; Дмитрию Чичерину; Марине Литвинович; Роману Веретенникову; Сергею Романову; Илья Платонову; Анне Богатыревой; Федору Богатыреву. И еще 11 экспертам, пожелавшим остаться анонимными.
how to read this text
Here is the text of a study conducted in the summer of 2022. There are several dozen pages ahead. Let us briefly present the main parts.
In the introduction, we discussed what we understand by state violence and examined the global and Russian context in which it occurs. Here, we also discussed the research methods used, the data on which we based our conclusions, and how we analyzed them.
The main part, «Research Results,» is divided into five chapters. All chapters contain analysis, quotes from interviews, and materials obtained during online observations. The text also features a «through-story» — the story of Plato, one of our interviewees who survived torture. Excerpts from his story, highlighted in inserts, illustrate various aspects discussed in each chapter. Here and throughout the text, pseudonyms are used instead of the real names of the interviewees.
The first chapter, «A Person’s Journey Through the Law Enforcement System,» describes the circumstances that typically lead to a person being subjected to violence and torture, and how they cope with it.
In this chapter, we describe the stages of contact with the law enforcement system and the reasons for the use of violence and torture, as well as what can happen to a person at these moments. Here, we also provide an analysis of personal characteristics that increase the risk of a person being subjected to violence by the law enforcement system. These characteristics—which we call vulnerabilities—include age, nationality, previous experience with the police, and many others. We also highlight specific life situations («invisible problems») that make interaction with the law enforcement system particularly difficult.
The second chapter, «Neighbors in a Total Institution,» discusses how law enforcement officers and those under their control coexist in the same space. Here, we draw on the concept of a total institution, i. e., an organization closed off from interaction with the outside world, with a clear distribution of roles and a strict routine. We show how this common framework, distinguishing between the roles of supervisors (law enforcement officers) and those under supervision (prisoners, sometimes also detainees), shapes the interaction between those who live within it and what this leads to in practice. The total institution and its harsh conditions become common to both law enforcement officers and prisoners, leaving their mark—often permanently—on both. We demonstrate that people of relatively low socioeconomic status are more likely to be involved in the functioning of the total institution of the law enforcement system in Russia in any role, and therefore the culture of material deprivation, which intensifies within the walls of such an institution, is not only a source of problems but also a possible basis for interaction and mutual understanding. Common conditions and similar characteristics make law enforcement officers and prisoners not only opponents but also neighbors in the torture chamber, adding additional meaning to their relationship.
The third chapter, «Agency,» describes what helps and what hinders a person who has encountered the law enforcement system. To this end, we use the concept of agency, which we define as a person’s ability and willingness to actively participate in shaping their own destiny. In this study, we believe that both the sources of agency and the obstacles to its emergence in a person can be either internal or external. In particular, we examine how agency changes depending on financial status and the availability of support networks, how seeking help, belief in one’s innocence, threats, bureaucratic red tape, the consequences of «routing» a person to a less or more favorable environment within the penitentiary system, and other factors work.
The fourth chapter, «To be continued,» describes the consequences of state violence. We show how the current state of the Russian law enforcement system reinforces existing inequalities in society. When a person goes through the law enforcement system, and even more so when they experience state violence, everything that comes into contact with them weakens: their health and financial situation deteriorate, and their loved ones and defenders suffer. The self-perception and moral compass of all direct and indirect participants in situations of violence and torture, including observers, change. This creates a spiral of involvement in violence, as vulnerabilities (described in the first chapter) are reinforced and increase the likelihood of recurrence.
The last chapter, entitled «Permissible and impermissible: how people talk about it,» describes the range of people’s perceptions of violence and torture, their attitudes toward them, and arguments about the justice or injustice of what is happening. We identify several systems of arguments that are found in statements justifying or condemning violence. For example, one such system—the "world of mental health«—explains the actions of law enforcement officers and detainees by a lack of control and self-restraint. Another example is the «world of legalism,» which refers to existing laws to judge the fairness of violence. By illustrating the differences between these worlds, we show that the area of greatest agreement today is the patriarchal world, which appeals to the need to ensure the safety of citizens. In conclusion, we note the demand for the real application of arguments from the field of ethics and interpersonal communication on an equal footing in situations of confrontation with violence and the formation of judgments about it.
The Annex contains the «technical» part—the program, interview guides, and other details of the research component of the project.
introduction
about state violence
We may say that ideas of tolerance regarding violence in society are gradually changing. Step by step, encroachments on a person relating to torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is perceived as absolutely unacceptable. Thus in many countries, we may observe a significant decrease in the number of murders over the past 30 years. (1) This trend towards humanization is also true for state violence (that is, violence carried out by law enforcement officers or violence related to the detention conditions). The authorities of a number of countries have long abandoned public executions in city squares and transferred the execution of punishment to special facilities. The state fight against crime shifted the emphasis from the need to inspire horror of cruel corporal punishment to the idea of the inevitability of responsibility. (2)
Therefore by the end of the twentieth century, advanced thinkers believed that state violence — at least corporal punishment — should have disappeared.
Nevertheless, the data proves that today states continue to use torture. For instance, according to Amnesty International data, this problem exists in most states, UN members, who have signed the Convention against Torture. Torture is not a vestige of the Middle Ages, it still exists. It appeared that modern developed states employ torture not by chance, but systematically, and each country develops its own tools. (3)
Today, a new round of public discussion about the limits of what is permissible in the use of force by the state can be observed in many societies. The use of force against «pariahs» — rioters, enemies, terrorists, that is, «others» who are distant from us — causes ambiguous reactions and active discussions. Thus, in the United States, the topic of torture was actualized in connection with the 9/11 attacks and the measures (4) that followed, and before that, discussions arose, for
example, at the end of colonial regimes in the mid-twentieth century. (5)
In Russia, the discussion with regard to the problems of state violence and torture is also gaining momentum in the public field. For example, the public conversation was inspired by the publication in 2021 of photo and video materials related to torture in the Federal Penitentiary Service facilities. According to a Levada Center survey, 25% of respondents got into conflicts with police officers, 10% faced torture. We also observe growing interest in the topic of the police and the Federal Penitentiary Service. (6)
To some extent, the Russian authorities are responding to this interest. Thus, prosecutors acknowledge many of the revealed cases of torture as real and point to their mass character. In addition, in 2022, a bill was adopted to toughen penalties for torture committed by government officials (although experts criticize this bill). However, it is unlikely that the problem is being solved, at least at the system level. For example, the voices of people who had suffered from state violence and those who are ready to discuss this topic are rarely heard. Access to many media covering the situation in the police and the Federal Penitentiary Service is difficult. (7) Those who have served the sentence, who have suffered from violence and torture, are often regarded with suspicion: «there is no smoke without fire». Accordingly, for external observers, their experience is considered as completely inadequate source: it carries the stigma of distrust. As a result, the discussion about torture in Russia is fragmented, and therefore less efficient as a tool to fight it.
It may seem that violence and torture in the police and in the Federal Penitentiary Service is a problem of «law-breakers», as well as of specialists who are directly involved in protecting victims from power abuse. However, it is well known that situations involving any form of violence leave a serious trace not only on a victim, but also on his loved ones. When we talk about state violence, then the circle of those who directly or indirectly suffer from torture expands to all citizens. (8)
perceptions of violence in Russia
Studies show a somewhat increased willingness of citizens of the Russian Federation to justify violence, in comparison with residents of other countries (including, for example, former Soviet Union republics), especially in cases where violence is carried out by people with power (state power over the population, husband over wife, parents over children, etc.). (9) Why do we allow more? Judith Pallot, a researcher of punishments and the penitentiary system of Russia and the USSR, considers (10) collective beliefs, perceptions and notions rooted deeply in the history and culture of the country, as one of the reasons for a low sensitivity to violence of citizens of the Russian Federation. For instance, these might be the ideas of an external enemy, a cult of force, and, in general, a negative attitude towards prisoners. Politicians and the mass media often appeal to such convictions, somehow supporting their popularity. (11)
The popularity of such ideas implies that in Russia, violence by government officials towards citizens is perceived as a norm to some extent. The normativity of state violence makes it resistant to most of the tools that civil society has: public discussion does not lead to changes, and a relatively small number of people follow activity of public supervisory organisations and private initiatives («Russia behind bars», «Crew Against Torture», etc.).
Conversely, the opposite is also true. A regular application of collective beliefs in practice might be the reason for these ideas to be so influential. Based on the findings of this study, the authors conclude that routine violence by the state against its citizens causes mass fear of the state. If fear and violence disappear, then these seemingly unshakable convictions may change. At the beginning of the XX century, Émile Durkheim (12) formulated the following principle: people’s beliefs and ideas serve as the basis for actions in everyday life, but if everyday life changes, then beliefs and sacred ideas also change. If we interpret this idea with regard to torture, it turns out that when violence ceases to be part of the daily routine of the law enforcement system, which is an important element of the state and the political regime, then the big ideas behind this violence may turn into nothing but dust.
Thus, in order to fight torture efficiently, it is important to find out what exactly makes torture a part of everyday life, and to look for tools to resist such routine.
what we did and why
In order to identify the mechanisms of routine state violence and ways to combat it, we tried to understand how people do perceive an act of violence. To do this, we reconstructed the content of the practices of acceptable and unacceptable attitudes in the perception of the protagonists, we determined the basis of this perception as well as the logic and methods of considerations about torture, violence and ill-treatment. In this sense, we were particularly interested in the systems of arguments appealing to morality that people use when they talk about acceptable and unacceptable ways of treating detainees and prisoners. Are they universal, or do they depend on the social characteristics of detainees and prisoners, on their views, beliefs and actions?
When selecting interviewees, we were guided by their proximity to the situation of state violence. Whom do we observe inside and around such a situation? First, a victim who is dealing with the system, suffering from violence and who may not freely leave the place of detention. Second, a law enforcement officer, an officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation or an officer of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation, who uses psychological influence or physical force. Direct witnesses of the episode are a bit further from the core of violence, as well as a doctor, a lawyer, a human rights defender, members of public monitoring commissions (13) (if the victim asked for help). At the same stage in terms of distance from an episode of violence, there are relatives and a «group of support» of the victim, who may not have direct contact with the situation, but who get involved emotionally, spend time and other resources to help the victim, and therefore their lives eventually change. A little further there are people who are somehow informed about the episode of violence, but do not have a direct connection with it. This includes acquaintances, colleagues, homies, those who are more actively involved in the situation, staff working with the case, journalists, researchers. Finally, the «ordinary people» turn out to be as far away from the episode of violence as possible — people who learn from the media (or do not learn at all) about what happened, for whom all that is on «the periphery» of the information space.
In order to analyze the range of ideas existing in society with regard to acceptable or unacceptable treatment, within the framework of this study we define state violence as broadly as possible. This definition may include both as «torture» as defined by the UN, and «mere» measures of discipline. (14) The key moment for us is the contact of a person with the law enforcement system, which in itself can lead to violence and torture. Therefore, by state violence we understand any manifestation of violence — psychological or physical — of law enforcement officers towards citizens, whether it is torture, severe beating or an unnecessarily long waiting in a police station.

words used to describe violence.
source: 34 interviews of this study
questions we were looking answers for:
1. What does it feel like to be detained or imprisoned in Russia? What role does surviving
torture, violence and ill-treatment plays in this experience?
2. How do the participants of these acts of torture and violence describe them?
3. What role do violence and torture play in the way the law enforcement system and the
penitentiary system in Russia is organized?
4. How do assistance agents help victims of torture?
5. Where is a border line between acceptable and unacceptable? How do people justify their
opinion when they talk about it, and what are their arguments?
6. What are the implications of surviving torture for a victim and the experience of torture for
law enforcement officers?
how we did it
In this section we briefly summarise the methodology we used for the research. First, we justify our selection of interviews and focus group discussions as the main data collection tool. Then we explain the logic and principles of data sampling and note other important methodological solutions. Further on we describe the process of getting access to the field, as well as the collected data analyzing technique. At the end, the ethics of fieldwork is covered.
On Interpretive sociology as the main method
In order to answer the question about the gist of perceptions of any acceptable and unacceptable treatment of detainees and prisoners, we used the methods of the sociology of understanding.
Usually, sociology is understood as the process and statistical analysis of surveys. However, in terms of finding answers to our questions, this method would not provide us with any descriptions of how various aspects of violence function, and explanations of the reasons why torture is still used in Russia. First, the first-hand experience of suffering from violence and torture is quite complicated and individual — there is no simple questionnaire to be filled out, which would make it possible to describe such an experience in all its event-related, material and emotional components. Second, any questionnaire survey (e. g. «What do you think about torture?») implies certain answers known to researchers in advance. However, in our case it’s not only that we do not know any existing points of view regarding torture, but it’s also unclear what different people think of when they hear the word «torture». Finally, most people do not very much think about any torture, hence, if we conducted a survey, many respondents would prefer to answer the question about torture as «I don’t know», but it doesn’t mean they don’t have any opinion on the matter.
An understanding approach to the process of data collection and interpretation — interviews, media texts and discussions on social networks — provides an opportunity to grasp people’s own
perceptions of what is acceptable and unacceptable, as well as the basis for development of these perceptions. It is important to note that this approach does not include a quantitative measurement of the prevalence of certain ideas in society. Nevertheless, since each person’s perceptions of any issue are not in a vacuum, are based on his or her life experience, and depend on the social environment and the information consumed, the sociology of understanding makes it possible to shed light on how these perceptions look like and are interrelated in society as a whole — not through their quantity, but through the depth of the data collected.
The main tool of the sociology of understanding is an in—depth interview, (15) which is a long conversation, in our case, with the direct participants of some torture situations, or those who are somehow linked to any torture cases through the nature of their work (with detainees, prisoners and their close relatives, as well as with officers and other experts in the area). The interview enabled us to understand how the same situations were experienced and perceived by various participants (detainees, prisoners, and law enforcement officers). At the same time, an understanding approach enabled us to analyse the events from the point of view of significance and interpretations which the participants of the situations give thereto. Questions for such an interview are prepared by researchers in advance, but the conversation is held naturally — the talk partners have every chance to forge a bond of trust and human contact, talk more specifically about some more interesting topics, go off the topic, skip some unwanted questions.
Focus groups with the so-called ordinary persons, i. e. the people who have not personally experienced any torture earlier, are the group discussions held between previously unfamiliar
people. Based on the focus groups, we collected trivial perceptions, that is, perceptions of persons who are potentially alienated (16) from any violence situations at the police stations and correctional facilities. Through interactions, participants express their ideas and compare them with the viewpoints of other participants, which may result in generation of some new ideas. (17) Thus, in the course of group discussion, the data emerges which is of interest to us. Following the logic of engagement of people with different experiences within the framework of a general discussion, we also conducted a focus group discussion with lawyers and human rights defenders who, despite similar fields of specialisation, deal with various aspects of supporting their clients and work in different regions of the Russian Federation.
Most of the law enforcement officers whom we managed to talk with, at the time of the interview no longer worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the Federal Penitentiary Service: some retired, others changed their profession. In order to reduce the influence of this factor on the collected data, as well as to better understand the law enforcement officers’ quite closed world of common day, we have studied several Internet forums, social media groups and open chats, which the current and former officers are present and communicate in. We talked to them in the Internet correspondence format and analysed the most vibrant posts and messages on these resources. We studied the online communities of the officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Penitentiary Service, as well as practices therein, based on the tradition of «digital ethnography», a line of research showing how the techniques used to analyse interviews, and the offline observations can be applied to what is happening in the online environment. (18)
Who we talked to and how we searched for informants (19)
In total, in the course of research our team conducted 71 interviews and 9 focus group discussions, each of which involved 3 to 5 respondents. The number of interviews and
discussions held is shown in the following table.
In the end, we managed to talk to 33 persons, who dealt with the law enforcement system, and their relatives, 16 officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Penitentiary Service, 26 experts and 34 ordinary persons. The respondents live in 25 regions of Russia, one of the focus group participants lives abroad.
The search for respondents affected by violence by the law enforcement system was carried out with the assistance of the Crew Against Torture. There are both those who have faced the law enforcement system once (for example, were detained or imprisoned only once), and those who have multiple experiences. Two respondents from the group of experts also have experience of staying in a remand prison (which we touched upon during the interview, among other topics). We talked with the respondents about themselves, about their family, about their experience with the law enforcement system in general, about their experience of suffering from violence and torture committed by law enforcement officers, and about what happened thereafter.
We found the law enforcement and the penitentiary facilities officers through personal connections, due to invitations to participate in the survey which were posted in the special interest online communities, on forums and social networks. Often our talk partners had experience of working in different agencies within the law enforcement system. Interviews with them concerned their professional trajectory, everyday work tasks, attitude to their profession, situations from their working practice, particularly their attitude towards detainees and prisoners, and experience of interacting with them. In addition, during the conversation with the officers, various cases were discussed (20) — cases of different treatment of detainees and/or prisoners, in order to determine their perception of the same situations (described in the same way). The same cases were discussed together with experts and with ordinary persons in the focus groups.
Experts, precisely lawyers, human rights defenders, medical staff, psychologists and even clergymen of the Federal Penitentiary Service parishes were invited through personal social
contacts of the research team members, as well as through the human rights organisations and experts’ mutual recommendations of their colleagues who could participate in the survey. (21)
Interviews with experts were dedicated to their career trajectory and area of expertise, specific character of their work in general and involvement with the victims of torture and violence in Russia. In addition, both the interviews and the group discussion with experts covered the cases mentioned above — specific cases of violence selected by the research team.
Ordinary persons were invited to participate in the group discussions through announcements placement on the specific job seeking websites. All potential participants of the focus group
discussions filled out a dedicated questionnaire, and the data therein was used in the process of selecting respondents and formation of groups. Participants were intaken in such a manner as to form the groups diverse in gender, age, place of residence and sector of employment. All participants learned the topic of the discussion prior to the meeting and gave a written confirmation that they were ready to communicate on the topic of interaction between civilian persons and law enforcement officers.
In the course of conversation, participants shared their experience and attitudes towards the law enforcement system, studied the cases and discussed acceptable and unacceptable ways of
treating detainees and prisoners, as well as the possibilities of potential reforming of this area. A moderate reimbursement was paid for participation in the discussion.
Interviews and group discussions were held through May to July 2022. In order to conduct the interviews, the researchers used phones, Zoom, WhatsApp and Telegram applications. 69 out of
71 interviews and all the focus groups were audio recorded and then transcribed. The resulting transcripts were encoded (22) and analysed, and the development of codes and interpretations were carried out collectively and by way of several iterations. (23)
Digital ethnography
Within the framework of the Internet-ethnography and media analysis, we studied all the mass media materials, found through the Google and Yandex search services, covering the case of
torture at the Brateevo police station, as well as the records of the four online communities («Overheard from the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia», «Forum of the MVD Officers», reviews on the «Yandex Maps», the «Yaplakal» forum on the police-related topics) as of July 2022. Besides, the researchers actively interacted with the members of online communities through personal messages, posting in chat rooms, communications in forums, etc. The most informative (from the research point of view) messages and publications were subjected to the same encoding and analysis procedure as the interview data.
Ethics
We assign high priority to the sociological ethics of behavior, and namely the principles important for the qualitative studies: no harm done, respect for informants and their privacy, accuracy and impartiality. (24) All those people, whom we were able to talk with, gave their oral informed consent statement to participate in the survey and to present its results in anonymised form, and also had the opportunity to withdraw their consent at any stage of our joint work, up to the publication of the results thereof.
In order to observe the confidence principle, we used pseudonyms instead of the real names of the respondents, (25) and the collected data was anonymised in such a way as to make it impossible to ascertain any identity of the participants. Prior to the interviews commencement, all participants were notified that they could refuse to answer any questions uncomfortable for them, and to interrupt or end the interview at any time.
The research team members paid much attention to the issues of reflectivity, impartiality and accuracy in the collection, interpretation and presentation of the material. Although the survey was carried out with the support of the Crew Against Torture, the Organization had no influence either on the course of the research, or the results obtained in terms of content, even if the human rights defenders of the Committee Against Torture would not always agree with the laid out conclusions. In other words, when conducting the entire survey, we had a total freedom of research.
results
Below is a fragment of a story that happened to 55-year-old Platon, told in his own words — we only replaced his name and edited it a little for the convenience of the reader.
It was Police Day. In the morning, at around 7 a. m., I took my wife to the hospital, then I drove my son to school. After that I went home and had some coffee. At around 9 a. m. or 9.30. a. m. I went out, and they got me, right in the courtyard. I cried for help. I asked them who they were. «Why are you arresting me?» They were all in civilian clothes, they didn’t show me any ID. They said that somebody wanted to talk to me. And then I saw handcuffs. I’m not shy, you know. I said, «Somebody wants to talk? Bring them here then, and we’ll talk.» I was innocent, I knew it. I knew they had nothing on me. They tried to handcuff me. I started fighting back. Then I saw more of them coming, three or four.
They put a bag on my head and handcuffed me. And so I was taken away. They just shoved me inside their car and drove me away. They were driving me around the city for 40 minutes. I didn’t understand what was happening. «Where are we going?» «What are they doing?» «Where are they taking me?» I was frightened. 30 minutes later I started wondering, «Are we going away from the city? What’s going on?» I didn’t know what to think. So I just took the bag and tore it from my head. I saw that they were driving me around the city. They brought me to some detached house. They took me to the first floor, then I was thrown on the concrete floor. When they finally removed the bag, I realised that I was at the police station. They brought me to the local precinct.
At first I didn’t understand anything. They took me inside and put me on my knees. Then they pressed my back with their knees and tied me. I ended up in a stress position. They said nothing
and just started beating me up. They kicked me and hit me with a baton. I got blood in my piss for two days after that. They also used a taser on me.
There were marks. I had 60 marks on one leg from the taser. That’s 30 blows. The same on the other leg. My whole body was just... They hit me they through my jeans. They didn’t see the marks, and neither did I. In the hospital, when I took off my pants, I saw them. I was shocked. Marks were everywhere: on my hands, palms, heels, neck, head. Everywhere. I got two broken
vertebrae processes, my pelvic bone was damaged, my legs and hands were swollen. It was f*cking terrible.
А вот это помещение, оно вам вообще запомнилось? Что это было за помещение?
Это кабинет участкового. Со столами, с портретом Путина, Колокольцева. С бирочками на тумбочках: инвентарный номер – все это. Я все запомнил, где что стоит: где шкаф, где телевизор, где телефон. Я даже запомнил, там сейф стоял с двумя замками, двухуровневый сейф, и у одного личинка торчала, сантиметра на три – я это запомнил. Потом, когда все закончилось уже и когда Следственный комитет приезжал, мне говорили: «Поехали, покажешь, где все было». Я говорю: «Зачем ехать, я вам нарисую». И я им так нарисовал, что они не стали меня туда везти уже.
Ни один опыт пыток не похож на другой, и все же мы думаем, что рассказ Платона может дать голос другим людям, пережившим пытки или преследование правоохранителей, которое они считали несправедливым. Мы будем приводить отрывки его интервью и далее по тексту, а затем рассказывать, как она, на наш взгляд, соотносится с ситуацией в целом.
an individual in the law enforcement system: a way through
From our informants’ experiences, the use of violence and torture against detainees is almost never accidental. It is a common practice integrated into the working routine of law enforcement
officers. The discovered incidents involving violence happened regularly at the concerned police stations. We believe that some locals were aware of such practices.
«We started working. In 2017 we began receiving applications from one city. Then came applications from another city concerning officers from the district CID. After that we received about 7 or 8 applications from a village. They complained about the same officers. They complained that those officers tortured them.»
Roman, human rights defender
Our respondents often noted that, when police officers tortured them, the officers’ actions were clear and well-coordinated. They appeared to have some sort of task allocation, the officers did not hesitate and did not discuss their actions. Judging by such honed teamwork, we can conclude that the officers were not doing this for the first time. Sometimes our respondents witnessed officers teaching each other how to «use torture correctly».
«One of them came in and said, “You’re doing it wrong, you don’t use this device like that. Let me show you.” You know, when the device eventually stops working, it makes some sort of a “stopping” sound. A ring. After this ringing, the electricity ceases to flow. I waited for that moment, for that ringing sound. That’s how they tortured me. “You’re doing it wrong”, he said. “You need to do it faster. Give that thing to me. I’ll do it right.” Man...»
Ildar, has experience of detention
The calm reaction of other police officers, who did not participate in torture, is another «indirect» evidence that such practices are not considered extraordinary. In several cases, hysical and emotional violence was inflicted with their silent acquiescence. They did not pay any attention to cries for help of people, who were subjected to beatings, electric shocks and boiling water.
«He heard me screaming. I screamed and asked to stop beating me, to stop pouring boiling water on me. People were walking by, I asked them to help me. I just saw their legs, I don’t actually know who was there. But they didn’t care.»
Daniil, has experience of imprisonment
Having regard to the aforementioned, one can assume that violence and torture can become standard work practices at local level or even regional level. However, it doesn’t mean that such
violations are omnipresent, or that there is a common pattern or rules for them.
In order to understand why torture practices persist within Russian society, first, we need to discuss the circumstances of such practices: who are the victims and the perpetrators, in what manner the latter use torture, whether the use of torture is systematic, etc. In this chapter, we explore the context of torture by analysing various reasons and scenarios of such practices.
Here are the main stages of an individual’s path within the law enforcement system.
This path usually begins with law enforcement officers arresting an individual and bringing them to the police station. This is the first time, when the individual faces a potential threat of physical and emotional violence. At the station, police officers draw up a report concerning the arrest and the violation record. If the violation in question qualifies as an administrative offense, then the detainee is normally released after signing the necessary papers. On occasion, he or she can be held in detention until trial. In case of potential criminal liability, the authorities consider the question about preventive measures. If the criminal offense is grave, the individual can be placed in a temporary detention facility before a preventive measure is ordered.
Within 48 hours the court usually orders27 a preventive measure, for example, an undertaking not to leave the place of residence, bail, home detention, prohibition of certain actions or arrest. The latter measure implies the status of a suspect or an accused. The person under arrest is to be transferred to a remand prison within the jurisdiction of the Federal Penitentiary Service.

path of an individual within the law enforcement system
Regardless of the preventive measure, this point marks the beginning of the key processes of criminal proceedings: carrying out confrontations, collecting testimonies, deciding on charges,
etc. During all the proceedings a person has a right to counsel — a right to have access to a lawyer of his or her own choice or an appointed attorney. A lawyer plays an important role in the defendant’s life. However, providing assistance is not always enough. The official duties of an attorney include representing the defendant before the investigating authorities and the court, as well as protecting his or her rights (if the defendant, for example, is denied contacts with family, or subjected to unlawful violence, or the detention conditions are inadequate). However, in reality, while the defendant is in custody, his or her communication with a lawyer can be difficult. The attorney’s assistance depends on his own motivation and oftentimes remains optional. It is rather common for lawyers to deliberately avoid contact with the detainee’s relatives, if the issue does not fall within the legal side of the matter. As far as detention conditions are concerned, the lawyer frequently acts as an «external observer». (28)
If the court finds the accused guilty, he or she acquires the status of a convicted person. The convicted can appeal against the sentence. His or her lawyer participates in the appeal
proceedings. If sentenced to imprisonment, the convicted find themselves under the jurisdiction of the Federal Penitentiary Service — either they remain at the remand prison, or they are
transferred to a correctional facility. There are several types of correctional colonies depending on the detention conditions: open prisons, colonies of general, strict and special regimes, and juvenile colonies. Within these facilities, contacts with a lawyer and relatives usually end, which leaves the convicted one-to-one with the Federal Penitentiary Service system.
We should also mention people, who decide to report violence by the State agents to the Investigative Committee, the Prosecutor’s Office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The law enforcement officers have an obligation to respond to all complaints and initiate pre-investigation inquiry. Depending on the results, such inquiries can lead to an opening of a criminal case against the alleged perpetrators. If the case comes to trial, the perpetrators can be charged with abuse of power. For the punishment, the court can ban them from occupying certain posts and/or sentence them to imprisonment for a term of up to 10 years. However, according to our respondents, such cases frequently fail to come to trial. Oftentimes additional inquiries are ordered, and the overall investigation does not make any significant progress. In order to protect a person from threats and pressure during the consideration of a criminal case initiated after his or her complaint, the state can offer the victim to participate in a special protection program.
If the perpetrators end up convicted, the victim can initiate civil proceedings for compensation of pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage. However, in practice, the amount of awarded
compensation is small. Previously, victims of torture had an option of applying to the European Court of Human Rights (the ECHR). This mechanism allowed those seeking justice to receive a
decent compensation from the respondent State and to get their cases revised at the national level. However, Russia do not implement judgments and decisions by the ECHR that came into
force after 15 March 2022. (29)
As our research demonstrates, the risk of torture remains present throughout the entire encounter with the law enforcement system. The exact agency does not matter: an individual can be
subjected to violence during the arrest, at the police station, when placed in the temporary detention facility, in the remand prison, or in the correctional facility. Sometimes even the process of being transferred to the correctional facility can constitute torture. (30) Our respondents and their loved ones were often threatened when filing a complaint. However, the probability, possible scenarios and methods of violence vary between stages and depend on the characteristics of the individual facing the system. Those variations are described below.
Do what you are told: reasons behind torture
The Story of Platon (excerpt)
И вот они просто часа два-три молча (молча!) избивают и все. А потом вдруг говорят: «Ну что, тогда рассказывай, как ты похищал женщину». Я говорю: «Какую женщину?». Они говорят: «Как телефон украл, как машину угонял». Я говорю: «Подождите, вы путаете что-то». Нет, у нас, говорят, все доказательства есть, все.
А я все еще в пакете был. Но тут я просто по голосу узнал этого начальника уголовного розыска. Я говорю: «Дамир, это же ты». Он говорит: «Давай, рассказывай».
Часа через два-три, наверное, я просто уже начал огрызаться. Ты, говорю, трус. Ну всякими словами его. Они сидят, они водку пьют. День полиции отмечают там же. Перепили все на свете уже, наверное. И вообще себя не контролировали. Ничем, никак уже.
Ну, я этому начальнику из УГРО там и крикнул: «Ты трус просто, привязанного бьешь. Что, поговорить тебе слабо?». Он такой: «Я ничего не боюсь, на, смотри». И взял с меня пакет сорвал. Я смотрю: там вся толпа этих полицейских.
И они мне объясняют: «Ты похитил женщину». Я говорю: «Когда? Да, слышал такой случай, но меня там нету». Они говорят: «Ты, говорят, все равно нам подпишешь». Я говорю: «Этого не было». «Мы, –говорит, – знаем, но надо сделать так». Я говорю: «Нет». Ну и давай опять, по новой. И вот до шести вечера там уже. Терял уже сознание несколько раз, кровь идет. Я весь перебитый, но они не получили ничего.
В конце концов менты, перепитые вконец, и говорят: «Давай тогда, найди мне человека, кто может это взять на себя». Я говорю: «Сейчас, без проблем. Вызову человека». И они на это подписываются. Я звоню. У меня друг приезжает, он видит, в каком я состоянии. «Это, – говорит, – что такое?» Я говорю так и так. Я ему моргнул, конечно. «Давай, – говорю, – сделай так, как они хотят». Он говорит: «Все, все, без проблем, сейчас сделаю». Те аж поверили.
Поверили. Его отпускают. Но он, конечно, выходит, и весь город поднял там, кого знал, друзей моих. Те все приехали туда, чтобы меня уже ночью не вывезли куда-нибудь, не выкинули. И так простояли до утра. А этим деваться уже утром некуда. Жена уже знает, она звонила на горячую линию МВД, всех подняла. Пришлось меня отпустить уже, и ребята мне прямо со двора сразу вызвали скорую. И меня увезли на скорой.
The use of violence can be explained by many different motives, from the desire to obtain something from the victim, for example, testimony or money, to personal enmity. Situations of torture during the arrest, at the police station, and in the places of serving sentences are structurally similar, although there are certain differences. Various cases of violence at different stages of interacting with the law enforcement system are described below.
Obtaining testimony
According to our respondents, torture was oftentimes used to improve the clearance rate scores (the so-called "quotas«).31 In order to achieve this, the officers were sometimes ready to fabricate charges and frame people, even if they were not related to the case. They used torture to make the victims confess or comply, for example, by signing the necessary documents, testify against other persons, etc. By means of torture the police officers frequently obtain necessary signatures for the reports, take fingerprints, check the contents of mobile phones, etc. Providing the court with the evidence of such actions is very difficult, if not impossible.
Below is the story of Daniil that took place at the police station. The officers tortured him to obtain a confession. When their attempts turned out unsuccessful, they threatened to torture his stepson. As a result, Daniil took the blame for a crime he did not commit.
«As soon as we got to the right floor, I was immediately punched in the forehead. And it all began. “C’mon, tell us what happened.” I told them everything, how it all happened. They were like, “You’re lying.” And they started beating me. They were hitting my sides, my hands. Then I was brought into someone’s office. They told me to lie on the floor, face down, and then they began to hit my head with the door. They were opening the door and hitting my head with it. They punched and kicked my calves and my hips. They even started jumping on my hips. One of them was about a hundred kilograms. Then somebody said, “Bring some boiling water.” They started pouring it on the back of my head, on my ankles. I was lifted up after a while. They put me beside the cabinet and started hitting my sides again. One of them said, “You think we brought you here for nothing? We’ll take you away and kill you, man.” They took me into the corridor once more, threw me on the floor and started jumping on my hips again. People walked on by, nobody cared. As if it’s a common thing, beating a man right in the corridor. After that they poured more boiling water on my feet... Then my stepson was summoned. He was brought into another room. They told him, “If he doesn’t confess now, you’ll be the next one.” They told that to the son of the deceased woman. He was like, “I didn’t do anything. I don’t know anything. Nobody did anything.” And he was told that he “would be next”. When I found out, I took the blame for something I didn’t do so that he wouldn’t end up beaten. Only then they stopped. Then we immediately went to the investigator, where I repeated the confession. My stepson was released. He was scared, he was shaking all over. We both were scared.»
Daniil, has experience of imprisonment
Not only the victims agree that obtaining confessions is one of the most common motivations behind torture, but the experts and the law enforcement officers themselves as well.
«Clearance rate is very important for them [the officers]. Otherwise they wouldn’t use torture. If they had done only what the investigator told them, they would not have tortured anybody. The investigator orders them to check the suspects. They report “Well, we talked to them, everyone denies their involvement. Our job is done.” With such a formal approach, there is no need to torture. Because in this case the officers are not responsible for the result. However, apparently, they are responsible for the result, and they are motivated by some potentially negative repercussions. Apparently. “Guys, either you solve the case, or...” »
Igor, human rights defender, has work experience in the Prosecutor’s Office
«Some guys abuse their authority, when trying to do their job. You arrest someone and... injure them... accidentally. That’s one thing. But sometimes, officers abuse their authority when forcing someone to confess. What’s behind this... there is a desire to solve the case quickly, without working too much on it. You know, without running around and looking for the real offender. Why, when you can just get some fool, beat him up and make him confess. What was the wording? “Misinterpretation of the service”. I believe, that’s what the court calls it in its documents. <...> Nobody walks around saying “Today I beat the confession out.” It is not advertised. Because everyone understands that this is illegal.»
Nikolay, former law enforcement officer
«Is it possible to detect torture in a case? Some particular signs, maybe?»
«Yes, for example, if there are confessions in the case, then there is a big chance that torture took place. You can put money on it. That there is a particular reason behind such confessions. In general, confession is a good marker. If the victim belongs to some vulnerable group, then it is very likely that they don’t have money for a lawyer and that they don’t know how the system works. The risks of such an individual undergoing medical examination and taking further legal action are low, and so are the chances of facing punishment, of which police officers are aware.»
Vasilisa, former member of the PMC
Individuals, that are already under investigation and are held in a remand prison, still can can be subjected to torture for the sake of obtaining statements due to their unclear status, as they are neither convicted, nor cleared of charges. Such unclear status contributes to exposing the remand prisoners’ vulnerability, who can be tortured for the sake of obtaining testimony or other evidence. As the investigation is ongoing, law enforcement officers can try to «solve the case» by exploiting the remand prisoner’s vulnerable state. Torture and violence can become an ordinary practice to make the arrested person talk or cooperate with the investigating authorities.
Sometimes, in order to obtain testimony from detainees in remand prisons, the officers use not only physical torture, but also psychological violence. For instance, they can restrict the victim’s communication with relatives and lawyers, use other detainees to put pressure on the victim, make the detention conditions of the victim unbearable, or threaten to injure the victim (for example, by placing the victim in a cell with a person suffering from tuberculosis). According to our respondents, in the remand prisons, torture oftentimes manifests through the detention conditions.
«They called me for transferring every day for a week. The investigator just ordered them to call me out for the whole week. That is, they woke me up at 6 a. m. Then they sent me to the waiting room. I was there to wait for someone from the investigator to pick me up and escort somewhere. For a confrontation, or for the investigator’s summon, I don’t know. But in fact they didn’t take me anywhere. I spent all the time in the basement, in that waiting room. Sometimes I remained there until 2 p. m., and sometimes until 3 p. m. With nothing to eat. Usually they come and say after a while, “Okay, no transfers today, go back to your cell.” And that’s it. They send you back to your cell. And that’s how it was, every single day. It’s psychological pressure, so that you confess all your sins faster.»
Veniamin, has experience of imprisonment
«You don’t have to beat them [the detainees]. But you can make it difficult for them while they’re in detention. You can deprive them of something. You can be a little harsh to them while escorting. That is, you can create some physical stress. A detainee is an adult, there should be some respect. Nobody will beat them. It is a slightly different approach. However, our investigating authorities believe that a confession is the most important thing, the “queen of evidence”, although the charges should never be based on the confession. But all the investigators, the operatives, everyone — they want to get a confession.»
Stanislav, lawyer, former law enforcement officer
Sometimes the reason behind violence is personal benefit. Some officers can beat and intimidate detainees to extort money from them. This happened to Evgeny and his friend. The officers had beaten them during the arrest and then tried to extort money.
«If they see that a person is out of their mind, that’s it. This person will have big problems, I think. They’re lucky, if they just end up in a police station. I’m afraid the actual consequences would be much worse. <...> In my case, I suppose, it was about “making money”. But it also could have been quota filling. It’s just... If they really had been after the quota, I think, they would have planted something on us.»
Evgeny, has experience of detention
Revenge
Some police officers use their official position to settle the score. They can carry out arrests, keep people under constant surveillance, call them to the police station and use violence for the purpose of revenge. In some cases, it can be a situational thing — if a person does something that an officer does not like (according to our informants, a law enforcement officer can be angered when people record video, or make comments and behave in a way, that they find unpleasant). A police officer can respond by taking the person to the police station immediately or by returning a few days later to «teach this person a lesson», which usually means beating and charging the person with administrative or criminal offense.
«It happened like that. Police officers were riding around the village. Apparently, they were a mess. Our boys were standing near the house. The officers got out of the car and started bickering with them, “Who are you? What are you doing here? Why are you standing here?” The boys replied that they were actually near their house, just talking. The police chief said, “You know who I am? I’m gonna put you in the boot. I’ll take you wherever I want and I’ll do whatever I want with you.” My son gave the phone to a friend and asked him to record everything. After that he was released. And so the incident was over. A week later they came to our home and called my [son] for a conversation. Our boys ended up in the police station. The officers were beating them for 5 hours long.»
Ekaterina, mother of the victim of torture at the police station
If an officer thinks that some behavior undermines his or her position or taints the image of the entire law enforcement system, violence and threats can become regular. A person is at greater risk of experiencing violence and threats after complaining about torture or detention conditions, or getting the human rights defenders involved in the issue. It is worth noting that threats of violence can come not only from the officers who used torture, but from their colleagues and even local criminal bosses as well. One of our respondents recalled a situation when complaints and a hunger strike had led to torture and threats of murder.
«’Why the head of the colony demanded to kill him, as he said?’
’You see, that person himself assumed that this was because of the hunger strike and complaints. Apparently, that person was not very easy to deal with, he complained a lot.’»
Igor, human rights defender
Subduing and disciplining
Some officers use violence to subdue people. There are various methods of subdual, they are not limited to mere physical violence. They can exploit personal vulnerabilities and weak spots.
One of our respondents, a mother of a young girl who suffered from physical and psychological violence at the police station, shared with us an example of such situation.
«There are no instructions [how to torture]. It’s just as simple as that. “We’ll ask you a couple of questions, you’ll have to answer them.” That’s all. Nothing else. The only thing is... the police take psychology lessons, right? They analyse the situation and identify the weak spots. My daughter’s weak spot was that boy. She constantly asked about him, “where is he?”, “what happened to him?”, “is he okay?” They say, “You do this and that. And we will let you see him for five seconds to make sure he’s alive and well.” Or they say, “You do this, and we will take you to him. So you can see him and help.” They do such manipulations.»
Kristina, mother of a detainee
One of our respondents (presumably a young police officer) described her approach to detainees in a similar way. She did not consider herself forced to use such methods and spoke about the
ability to choose the type and degree of pressure correctly as a sign of a skilled law enforcement officer.
«Psychology is also very important for my work. We need to observe human reactions and other things. There are many ways to make a person come clean, so to speak. Well, I know, I’m speaking to you in riddles, but I think you got what I mean (parts of text highlighted by the authors — the author’s note).»
Yulia, police officer
At first glance, violence in the penitentiary facilities differs from police violence both in the circumstances and in the methods used by officers. The main task, however, remains the same: to promote unquestioning obedience and cooperation with the system among inmates.
Interaction between detainees and officers is different in a situation of a long-term detention. Violence changes as well, as it acquires more regular and disciplining nature. We conclude, that from single occasion it evolves into a systematic behaviour with a long-term goal (for example, maintaining an established order in the facility). Over the course of time, each inmate learns the unspoken rules and figures out what actions can lead to punishment. By such measures, the penitentiary system seeks to achieve unquestioning obedience among inmates. One of our respondents, a retired prison officer, described the logic behind disciplining.
«The law is quite mild in this regard. If a prisoner disobeys the officer’s orders, I have to do it. I draw up a report on him, after which he ends up deprived of some privileges under the law. <...> The prison staff are serious people. It’s certainly not their first time dealing with inmates. Of course, they use various methods to maintain discipline and order. Anything can happen. <...> You know, there are requirements like that — all prisoners must attend events, all prisoners must go to the dining room, etc. It doesn’t matter if an inmate doesn’t want to eat right now or has an upset stomach. They have no options, they have to go. To eat, or not to eat, that’s up to them, it’s their right. But they have to be there. If an inmate skips such gatherings, he or she must be disciplined. Okay. It might also be because of swearing, or something else entirely... They are to be disciplined for such actions. One of possible disciplinary measures is putting an inmate in a punishment cell. The punishment cell is not a joke. There are separate cells. The detention conditions are much tougher. The rise, the bunks are worse... And pretty much nobody to talk to. So, they commit those transgressions — they all do — and those transgressions are recorded. After that they go to the punishment cell. They spend 15 days there. Sometimes, this time get extended. After that they leave and do the same thing again. This makes them habitual offenders, you know. That means they won’t be granted parole, they won’t get transferred to a colony-settlement, they won’t get easy work... In other words, no relaxed regime for them.»
Mark, retired officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Penitentiary Service
Prison violence is very diverse. At the same time, the informal rules of the correctional facility do not always comply with the law. For instance, there is an illegal, but common practice — an unofficial ban on complaining about the detention conditions. According to the law, every inmate has the right to complain about the officers’ illegal actions or inadequate detention conditions. In fact, however, such actions can lead to severe punishment and tormenting, a «life turned into hell». Cooperation with other inmates in order to file a collective complaint can result in an even harsher punishment.
Some methods used by the Federal Penitentiary Service officers are allowed under the law. Such are, for example, placement in a punishment cell, solitary confinement, prohibition of visits or communication with a lawyer. Below is a description of a punishment system by human rights defenders.
«They use many things, threats, parole offers... Sometimes they tell the inmates that they won’t leave the punishment cell. They give options. From threats to benefits. Apparently, the inmates usually refuse. It works like that. “You either cooperate, or rot in here.” We will make you cooperate. We can get you in the punishment cell, and we can arrange with criminal bosses, so they’ll teach you a lesson.» They can use the law and formal reasons, for example, you can receive a day in a punishment cell for not greeting the officers properly. Such punishments are very common. Or another example — they come into your cell while you’re absent, or you went to the toilet, or you just got up and is currently on your way to have a shower. According to them, you’re breaking the regime. That’s it, next five days you spend in a punishment cell. If you come into the room and you don’t say hello, you don’t respect the administration, and so on. They’re provoking. They torment people. There’s a whole variety of methods to make inmates’ life hell. Sometimes they offer alternatives. «You can get granted parole, or an additional visit, or a prolonged visit. Or you can go in a punishment cell.» They are skilled psychologists themselves. They know how to work with inmates, how to keep them in line."
Miron, human rights defender
«There are legal methods of influence, relatively speaking. They can find some violation of the regime and put an inmate in a punishment cell. There the conditions are worse under the law. No visits and no care packages are allowed. You are not permitted to sit or lie in the daytime. You need to stand. They can also deprive inmates of any intellectual activity. It’s a favorite method in torture colonies. Inmates have to sit and do nothing all day. They do not sleep, they do not close their eyes, they do not read, just sit. In the FSB remand prison,32 during the first week people are kept in a cell without any letters or books. Only the radio is on. People start losing their minds. Because it’s bad, when your only source of information about the outside is a crazy radio with crazy songs and jokes. Especially after torture and stress.»
Vasilisa, former member of the PMC

Собранные в ходе нашего исследования данные не позволяют судить в целом о точных цифрах и масштабах распространенности пыток, а также отдельных форм насилия. Однако мы можем утверждать, что там, где практикуется насилие, оно интегрировано в систему общепринятых социальных правил, которым необходимо следовать как заключенным, так и сотрудникам. В этом смысле они являются системными. На основании интервью с теми, кто имеет многолетний опыт взаимодействия с пенитенциарной системой, мы можем зафиксировать снижение жестокости и физического насилия в пользу бюрократических и невидимых форм.
Для иллюстрации этого тезиса мы приводим историю Артура, который имеет опыт пребывания в системе ФСИН в нулевых и в недавнее время.
31 Имеется в виду СИЗО «Лефортово» – изолятор, традиционно используемый Федеральной службой безопасности для содержания подозреваемых и обвиняемых в преступлениях, подследственных ФСБ. С 2006 года перешла от ведения ФСБ к ФСИН.
«Два года в Магнитогорской тюрьме был, постоянно били. Я весь синий ходил от их дубинок. Всего изобьют – а за что? Чем больше ты что-то спрашиваешь или требуешь от них (свое, положенное по закону), тем больше тебя и… Как говорится, для них ты враг народа. Начинают тебя и бить, и все <...> Но давят сейчас [в 2020-х гг.] маленько по-другому. Начинают тебе злостные нарушения делать, если жалобы пишешь – создают невыносимые условия. Через суд освобождают, пишут, что ты злостный нарушитель, суд тебе дает надзор в девять лет (до девяти лет может дать). <...> А так тебя в зоне сделают злостным нарушителем: одна передачка в год, ни посылок, ничего. Тяжелую жизнь создают. Бьют, конечно, но не как раньше».
Артур, имеет опыт заключения
vulnerabilities and vulnerable groups
История Платона (продолжение)
Как вам кажется, можно ли было насилия как-то избежать? Или это просто прилетает, и с этим ничего не сделаешь?
Прилетает точно как кирпич.
Скажите, а где прошло Ваше детство? В какой среде Вы росли?
Родился в деревне. Учился в городе. Закончил – армия. Семья у меня, дети. Работал механиком. И вот этот случай произошел.
А случалось ли Вам иметь дело с правоохранительными органами до того случая?
У меня с правоохранителями вообще проблем никаких не было. Я с ними дружил и дружу, по идее. Вот этого отдела начальник полиции, я с ним, прямо вот… Ну, как сказать? Не один литр выпили. И в такую ситуацию попал.
Я просто был ошарашен. Я даже не думал, что там происходит. Но потом понял, чего они хотели. Они хотели отжать фирму, в которой я работал.
Вот говорили они мне про эту женщину. А я-то в тот момент, когда ее типа похищали, я вообще был в другом регионе.
И когда все это случилось, я им говорю: «Не похищал я». «Мы знаем, – говорит, – ты нам не нужен, нам нужен человек… Давай сделаем так: ты сейчас напишешь, что тебя наняли, ты нанял еще кого-то».
А тот человек, который им был нужен, – это директор. Довольно-таки крупная компания была. Я там работал около 10 лет. И, получается, я якобы похитил конкурентку.
Была договоренность у них, скорее всего. Мы теперь уже знаем, что похищения не было. Если я подписал бы, они бы директора взяли и закрыли, потому что у меня же обвинения такие, минимум, не знаю, 10-15 лет – вооруженный разбой, угон, кража и похищение человека. Тяжкие статьи же. И мне ребята потом сказали, что если бы подписал, ничего не помогло бы уже. И фирму просто съели бы. Полицейские готовились хорошо, тщательно готовились, но на меня просто не рассчитали.
Вы оказались крепче, чем они думали?
Да. Так получается. Ну и потом, когда мы встречный иск на них подавали… Вы понимаете, чтобы бодаться с полицейскими, нужны средства, да? Ладно, я был при деньгах, чтобы адвокатов нанять. Но остальные… После того, как посадили мы этого, из УГРО, ко мне человек, наверное, пять-шесть подходили. Один, которого также избили и он подписал, даже прямо говорит: «Когда услышал, что посадили его, я реально заплакал».
Certain social characteristics, situations and behavior patterns can increase the risk of attracting the attention of the officers, influence the path of a person within the system in a certain way, and raise the chances of more future confrontations with the law enforcement. Furthermore, weak spots leave a person unprotected in face of potential violence by law enforcement after the confrontation. In this regard, vulnerable groups are generally at higher risk, even if factors influencing the decision of a particular officer to arrest and torture an individual are not always clear.
Age
Age is one of the factors that increase the risk of getting arrested. A young person (under 35 years old) is less likely to have a lot of experience of interacting with law enforcement officers.
Such person presumably knows little about his or her rights in a situation of the arrest and the subsequent detention, as well as about the protection of those rights. This person therefore becomes an easy way for an officer to improve performance scores, for example, by charging him or her with some administrative offense. It should be noted that a combination of certain factors (in particular, young age, male gender and presence at the street in the company of other people) makes a person more suspicious in the eyes of police officers, to whom such situation might appear as potentially criminal. Young people are more likely to attract the officers’ attention.
As a result, they are more exposed to violent arrests and torture aimed at obtaining testimony. In such situations, it does not matter whether law enforcement officers themselves believe in the detainee’s guilt.
At the same time, the police are not immune to mistakes. They can make false assumptions and use violence against minors. This is what happened to Evgeny. The police officers beat him during the arrest. However, when they discovered that he was only 17 years old, their attitude changed dramatically. The officers tried to extort money from him and his friend. In the end, they simply released the teenagers.
«Perhaps, they have a developed routine. They look for people in certain places. At that time, Hydra Market was still operating.33 For them it was a common routine — riding around
parks and observing suspicious activities. I was with a friend. We weren’t even close to the place. We just saw the headlights, then they approached us. They didn’t introduce
themselves, they didn’t show us any police ID. They ordered us to turn out our pockets right away. <...> [They] started manhandling us. They twisted my hands. I was stunned. Have I
done something illegal? <...> I ended up alone with an officer in plain clothes, we were chatting about random things. My friend stood aside, someone brought money to buy him
out. When they found out that I wasn’t 18, they immediately brought me tissues and water.»
Evgeny, has experience of detention
Race, ethnicity and nationality
Another characteristics that attract greater attention of law enforcement officers and increase the risk of the arrest are race, ethnicity and nationality (for Central Russia, sometimes referred as «non-Slavic»). People that have a different appearance or speak a different language can be perceived as suspicious strangers.
«I am Asian. I have experience, when law enforcement confronted me because of my appearance. About 8 years ago, they regularly stopped me and checked my ID. So now I constantly carry it with me. I remember one time, when I didn’t have it with me, and two officers tried to confront me because of it. Luckily, a friend of mine was passing by. He stood up for me and told them that we were studying together. Gladly, the incident was over then. I don’t trust them. Why do they always stop me?»
Alikhan, participant of the focus group discussion
Moreover, as some human rights defenders note, the rights of the non-dominant ethnic groups are violated more often. In particular, the authorities oftentimes ignore the cases concerning
violence against those people.
«When we only started investigating torture, there was a case — a citizen of Uzbekistan was severely beaten in the Investigative Committee’s office. The investigating authorities
honestly told us that they would not initiate criminal proceedings, because it was not a murder and because the victim was not Russian.»
Vasilisa, former member of the PMC
Gender
The exact form of violence can depend on the victim’s gender. The absolute majority of our respondents who experienced violence were male. It is possible that cases involving women are less known, as they rarely seek help from human rights defenders. However, one of our experts, Vladimir, believes that high physical violence rates derive from the fact that men are more likely to commit crimes, which implies more interaction with the law enforcement system and higher chances to be physically abused.
«According to statistics, men are more likely to commit crimes. However, I would say our sampling is not big enough to create a portrait of an average victim. In general, it can be
anyone.»
Vladimir, human rights defender
The gender arguments should be made with great caution. Our respondents note that the law enforcement officers use physical violence against women less frequently, instead choosing other
methods of coercion.
«They threatened me that I would be expelled, that I would not find a job, that my whole family would be unemployed. My husband and my children too, although I have none. <...> Apart from me, there were two more suspects, two boys. They were treated quite differently. They were rather aggressive and uncompromising in their talks. Apparently, the officers thought that intimidating them was the easiest way. Their door was broken. Those boys were put on their knees. There were armed OMON officers. In my case it was different, they were trying to negotiate with me. And they were like, “Look, how well our communication is going. Let’s talk more.” They were always like that.»
Ruslana, has experience of detention
In female and male colonies, torture and inadequate detention conditions also have their differences. According to our expert from the Russian human rights organisation «Women in Prison», detention conditions for women involve many issues: from physical inconveniences (for example, lack of proper conditions for pregnant inmates, or inmates sleeping on the concrete floor, because they could not reach the higher bunks, etc.) to lack of support, which exists in male colonies and which is provided by local criminal structures.
«[In female prisons] violence also exists. But it all works differently there. Women are easier to subdue. They don’t have a caste system. It’s worse.»
Miron, human rights defender
Previous confrontations with law enforcement
A situation when a person has already come to the attention of the law enforcement officers (for example, by having police records, etc.) is another factor that increases the chances of the arrest.
For many victims experiencing violence and torture at the police stations such incidents are not their first encounter with the law enforcement system. Sometimes local people are already aware that the officers use violence and torture for obtaining confessions.
The story of Pyotr is a good example of such case. Pyotr was given his first sentence for a group brawl at the age of 16 and spent 8 months in the correctional facility. After that, he was a suspect for every crime that occurred in his neighborhood, a small town with just over 50 thousand residents. Apparently, the officers who tried to charge him with every new crime believed that more serious «solved» cases would allow them to earn more «points» within the internal reward system. In the end, their attempts resulted in «solving a case», for which Pyotr was given an imprisonment sentence.
«It was a civilian vehicle. It stopped, they knocked me down and shoved into the car. There it all began. They tried to charge me with multiple rapes. You know how they carry out identification parades? The door opens, a girl comes in, looks at me and says, “It’s not him.” I’m like, “What do you mean, “it’s not him”?” And the officer tells me that it was an identification parade and that I’m lucky, ’cause it wasn’t me. I said, “You have strange ways to get your job done.” Then they tried to charge me with robbery, some lumber yard... but some Caucasian did it, so I wasn’t suitable for that one. The next time was me stealing earrings from some gypsy in some hallway, if I’m not mistaken. Well, in the end they invented a case for me — I allegedly robbed some store.»
Pyotr, has experience of imprisonment
Some people, after being frequently stopped and arrested by police, eventually learn how to recognise a law enforcement officer even when in plain clothes.
«I’ve learned to recognise them. So I knew those were the police officers, but I didn’t pay any attention to them sitting there. Later I even remembered one of them.»
Pyotr, has experience of imprisonment
The risk of another confrontation with the police, of another experience of violence and torture, and of criminal prosecution changes the way people organise their lives when trying to avoid such situations. When an individual can be stopped on the street or summoned to the police station at any moment, it affects his or her course of life significantly and deprives him or her of a sense of predictability and control over his or her daily routine. At the same time, personal and work obligations themselves can become a vulnerability for the officers to exploit. For instance, some of our respondents could not afford to spend much time at the police station, so they did everything they were asked.
«I had an interview appointment, so I was in a hurry. He [the police officer] caught me right before I was about to leave. He asked to take my fingerprints, but I wasn’t willing. I told him I was in a hurry and asked him to let me go. He said, “Give me your fingerprints, and I’ll let you go.” So I agreed. And we were off.»
Vasily, has experience of detention
Lack of experience of navigating within the system
One of the common vulnerabilities that can aggravate a person’s situation at a police station is poor orientation in the law enforcement system and lack of knowledge about the legal context of the events. In order to achieve their goals, some police officers can deliberately mislead detainees, manipulate them and make promises which they have no intention to fulfill (for example, releasing the person after collecting the statements). Without knowledge about the procedures, recognising deception and manipulation is difficult. People do not always understand how to act while being tortured and after the incident, how to collect and secure evidence, and how to properly substantiate the case and bring the officers to justice.
Most of our respondents who have suffered from police violence confronted the law enforcement system for the first time. They made some decisions in a state of disorientation, which, retrospectively, they would have changed. Below is a story of Ekaterina, her son was summoned to the police station, where the officers beat him.
«There was a way to avoid this incident. When a police officer comes to your home and invites you for a talk, just don’t go to the police station at all. That’s it. This was the way. If police want to talk, they should send an official summons. That’s a legal way. In this case we know who, where, when, why and so on. That time nothing was recorded, no documents, nothing.»
Ekaterina, mother of a detainee
Knowing what can happen during the arrest and the detention, how the system functions, what manipulations the officers use and how to act in such situations contributes to the feeling of security at the police station. One of our experts commented on a widely publicised case of torture at the Brateevo police station. He emphasised that the knowledge about how the law enforcement system functions allowed the victims to secure the evidence of the incident and bring the perpetrators to justice in the future.
«She’s the ideal applicant! The way she acted... <...> “You’re pulling my hair.” She voiced the invisible things. That is very important. And she is under stress. They’re beating her. It takes a lot of guts, you know. And it’s very difficult. She clearly prepared before going to the rally, she read guides. “I’ll sign a refusal to undergo dactyloscopic registration. You have no right. Article 51. Personal data.” Brilliant! 10 out of 10, I would say!»
Roman, human rights defender
At the same time, a person’s political position and previous «political» charges can serve as an exploitable weak point at the police station.
«Apparently, when politics are involved, they ask the CID officers to handle us. Because they think we’re dangerous.»
Vasily, has experience of detention
«There was physical humiliation. There were also issues with that girl being humiliated. There were phrases like “You are enemies of the State” ... “Putin told us.” <...> We, human
rights defenders, hear about such things regularly.»
Roman, human rights defender
Understanding the laws, bureaucratic procedures and unspoken rules is also very important in the penitentiary facilities. As we have already discussed, violence and torture are used against inmates to intimidate them, improve discipline and maintain the regime established in the facility.
Consequently, remaining ignorant of this regime increases the likelihood of torture, especially, during the first months in a detention facility, when a individual is being «introduced to the local culture». One of our respondents, who has experience of both imprisonment and work as a human rights defender, illustrated his explanation of this logic with the example of filing a complaint, a potentially dangerous action.
«You need to know how to act properly before you start filing complaints. In this regard, we do not have any special training. In fact, prison is not much different from ordinary life. Problems happen everywhere. We’re supposed to solve them and we don’t solve them instantly, without previous preparations. There are certain procedures. The process requires time and patience. Both here and there. If we ignore that, where does it take us? To conflict. Sometimes it is open and severe, sometimes it is hidden, but nevertheless it’s still a conflict, it still means great losses for all sides involved. Losses for everyone, believe me. No one from the prison staff wakes up in the morning and kisses his wife with a thought: “I’m gonna do nasty stuff, when I get at work.” There is no such thing, let’s be honest. On the contrary, everybody wants to do something good, to live according to the rules they agreed to. But both sides still have a lot to learn beforehand, which currently causes problems to everyone.»
Seraphim, former CID officer, has experience of imprisonment
Health
Poor health, both physical and mental, as well as psychological stability issues can become yet another exploitable weak spot. Such vulnerability can limit an individual’s ability to endure and resist violence during the arrest and while in detention. Below is a story of a young man with a diagnosed mental health condition. He was arrested together with his friend and taken to the police station. There officers beat him and drew up a report on administrative offense without his legal representative. According to his mother, the beating was accompanied by humiliation, pressure and threats from the officers. It was not very difficult for them to obtain his confession, as the detainee was unable neither to understand what was happening to him, nor to read the protocol.
«It’s not that I’m not afraid, of course... But what can they actually do? They said to him once, “If you tell anyone, we’ll crack your head.” They said that to a silly child. <...> Petya did something. He said that they’d given him some papers to sign. But he can neither write nor read yet. What kind of paper can he sign, if he can’t write?»
Ekaterina, mother of a detainee
Physical health issues can become another weakness. One of our respondents was severely beaten by police officers during his arrest. He warned an OMON officer about his condition, but the officer used the obtained information to cause more harm.
«One of the OMON officers put his foot on my neck. I told him, “Don’t press. I have metal implants in my spine, the second and the third vertebrae.” I was wearing a T-shirt. He pulled it down and looked at my neck. “Where? How was it installed?” He turned me over and saw the scar. He turned me over again and pressed on my neck with all his weight. I felt extreme pain. I heard harsh sounds and felt that everything was broken. “What haven’t you said anything?” He turned me once again and pressed his whole weight on me. 90 kilograms, I think.»
Ildar, has experience of detention
The health factor is even more important, when an individual faces a long-term stay within the system. The access to medical care provided in penitentiary facilities, in fact, is very limited: usually, the only medications available in a prison stock are aspirin and painkillers. Many inmates suffer from health deterioration due to untimely or not sufficiently qualified medical care. Every inmate is entitled to access particular specialists, to go to a «civilian» hospital, and to receive the necessary medications. In reality, however, as it follows from the interviews, those rights are rarely implemented in practice.
Sending an inmate to a medical institution outside of the Federal Penitentiary Service system involves certain risks for medical staff of the detention facility. For example, according to the interviews, the prison doctors may be afraid of accusations of taking a bribe from an inmate who decided to use the stay in the hospital as a way to improve his or her detention conditions. Other reasons can be the lack of material and human resources at disposal, or, sometimes, the perception of inmates as unworthy of medical treatment. Seeking medical help can be regarded as some kind of manipulation by a prisoner, who intentionally looks for additional attention without any justification.
«Some prisoners damage themselves to get to the hospital. An inmate cut his veins. He is sent to the hospital. He gets his treatment and goes back to the prison. They call it “I had to open my veins”. His cellmates tormented him. The environment was tough. So he opened his own veins ... Do you understand? Naturally, this is not about an actual attempt, it’s an act.»
Innokenty, forensic psychiatrist, works closely with the Federal Penitentiary Service
Failure to provide medical care and necessary conditions for people with chronic diseases should also be considered as violence against inmates. Given that the detention facilities are oftentimes overcrowded, there is literally no way for prisoners to miss each other. Such detention conditions contribute to the spread of life-threatening diseases, for example, tuberculosis. In addition, detention facilities are practically unable to provide proper detention conditions for inmates with serious chronic diseases which require special medical treatment (diagnosed cancer, CVD, diabetes, etc.). At the same time, death in detention undermines the official records. Thus, the inmates are usually provided with the emergency care. Thus, a person with a chronic disease may be forced to exist in unbearable conditions, when emergency treatment replaces proper medical care.
«I need a fridge to store my insulin. If I don’t keep it in the fridge, it doesn’t work. No insulin — game over. When my sugar level goes up or down, I’m dead. I can’t talk, I can’t do anything. They called ambulance for me 16 times. On two occasions I was hospitalised, because the doctors found that my sugar level was 32 [mmol/L, the normal range is between 3.3 and 5.5]. My insulin wasn’t working because the room was too hot, and it got overheated.»
Seraphim, former CID officer, has experience of imprisonment
Doctors play an important role in the fate of an inmate who experiences physical and psychological violence in detention. For example, when a patient claims that he or she had been tortured, it is the doctor who decides whether to document the source of injuries according to the patient’s words. The doctor decides what kind of treatment and medications each particular inmate should receive. Medical staff is also responsible for documenting the state of health and medical manipulations, which can later be used as evidence to substantiate the torture allegations. One of the human rights experts told us about a case when the fact of torture was proved not directly, but by means of documentation concerning medical treatment.
«Forensic medical examination had a fairly large list of questions to answer. Those questions were meant to help with establishing whether there had been a causal link between the actions of medical staff and the infliction of the injury. We were waiting for the final report. It was very important. We hoped that criminal proceedings would finally be initiated after that. <...> After the incident, victims should see a doctor and record their injuries as soon as possible. We accompany our applicants, if they haven’t recorded injuries beforehand. This is the key evidence, with which the whole process of substantiating the complaint begins. It doesn’t work like that in the colony though. It’s nearly impossible, you know. An inmate had received injuries in May, but his medical records mentioned that he had been given ointment only a few weeks later. However, since then he regularly asked for medical assistance. There were medical records. He was prescribed a MRI scan, which was actually done in the colony. We use logic to reconstruct the chain of the events. In addition, we find and question eye-witnesses and insist the the investigators interrogate them all after us. Thus, we pursue establishing the fact that a person received bodily injuries at the hands of unknown individuals (even if we know, who actually did it). We try to get an official investigation report that the person had received serious injuries. In other words, that there are elements of a criminal offense.»
Anton, human rights defender
Although prison doctors operate separately to some extent, they are integrated into the Federal Penitentiary Service system and, unfortunately, do not have complete independence.34 The
medical staff does not interact directly with inmates, which means that any decisions, including those concerning medical care, are made with the participation of non-medical facility staff. As a result, the standards of medical care are oftentimes determined not by trained specialists, but by the Federal Penitentiary Service officers, who can use the doctors to pressure the inmates and to conceal the evidence of ill-treatment.
Lack of social and financial resources
A detainee is severely restricted in his or her actions. Thus, he or she has to rely on support networks, relatives and friends. People from support networks should be ready to mobilise
resources: it is now up to them to come to the police station, to find and pay for a lawyer, to learn how to act properly in such a situation and how to document the fact of torture and other unlawful actions of the officers. They will be expected to contact human rights organisations, to bring care packages and to interact with law enforcement agencies. Most people do not have those social resources, which contributes to their vulnerability.
«If an inmate’s lawyer and relatives are active, if they visit him regularly, I believe, the risk of torture is low for him or her. In any case, a little attention from public is always better than no attention at all.»
Vladimir, human rights defender
Financial limitations are another common vulnerability. Legal proceedings are very timeconsuming and rarely compatible with the ordinary job. Sometimes the need to cover legal, transport and other case-related costs force people to sell their possessions and property. Without sufficient financial support, people oftentimes surrender and accept punishment for the crimes
that they did not commit. Unfortunately, some cases feature both financial and social vulnerability.
«Poor people are the least protected social group in this regard. Especially in some distant areas, for example, in a remote village. Cops know that these people won’t make much noise. They are not very active and not rich. They live a quiet life. In some cases, they are heavy drinkers. Disadvantaged people, so to speak. It’s very easy for police to “fill the quotas” using those people. We had a case. One of the applicants died after he had been taken to the police station. The investigation is ongoing. The police claim that he just died of epilepsy. We carry out our own investigation, and we believe that the police officers are involved. We know that they were constantly after this person. There were constant fake administrative cases. The district police officer just used him to fill some quotas, for example, for public intoxication. He knew that this man would do nothing, so he used him to boost figures.»
Igor, human rights defender, has work experience in the Prosecutor’s Office
However, in some cases, sufficient finances become a reason for extortion and increase the chances of torture and ill-treatment. On many occasions, relatives are exposed to danger as well.
Some officers turn pressure and threats against the relatives of the detainee into a mean of torture. (35)
«They forced me to call my mother. When she came, they tried to pressure her too. Threatening with criminal charges, all that stuff.»
Ruslana, has experience of detention
«He was interrogating me, and then he was like, «Don’t wanna play nice? Now things will get bad.» I was like, «What are you talking about?» «You’ll see.» I was sitting on a chair across from him. He got up and said, «Let’s go to the assembly hall.» They took me to the assembly hall. The second officer gave me a chair and took a chair for himself. Then he pressed my hips to the chair with his legs and tied me with a belt. He began to interrogate me again. For every wrong answer I gave, he applied a taser to my groin. He interrogated me in such
a manner for about half an hour, I suppose. They didn’t get a response from me, so they went after my brother. They brought him and started torturing him in the same way. They tried to beat out the «correct answer» to the question «Where did the money go?» from him. My brother told them that we didn’t do it. They held us there until 2.30 a. m. Then the district officer said, «One of you should confess. I’m gonna go out for a smoke. One of you must confess and take the blame, when I come back.»
Gennady, has experience of detention
At the same time, maintaining communication with lawyers, human rights defenders and press requires a wise strategy. On the one hand, support networks can provide detainees with protection to a certain degree and help them to defend their rights. On the other hand, however, defense of one’s rights from within detention has extremely limited options. Filing complaints and taking action in some other way may have negative consequences for the inmate and worsen the situation (we will discuss this issue in the next section). For this reason, prisoners sometimes do not want to advertise the involvement of human rights defenders and lawyers and refuse to protect their rights while in detention. Vasilisa, a human rights defender, told us about one of the cases with successful balance.
«Sometimes the inmates do not want to talk to us for some reason. But we insist on seeing them anyway. There was a case, when we had information, that a certain individual was beaten up in one of the colonies. We told the colony staff that we wanted to talk to him. They brought us a written refusal to communicate with the PMC signed by him. We insisted that we wanted to see him. We said that we don’t care about his written refusal, because the law doesn’t say that a person can refuse to communicate with the PMC. When they brought him to us, we saw that his face was mutilated indeed. We were able to record that important information. That information was useful for him too. Later, when he was released, he tried to restore his rights. Back then, however, he could not make his position clear to us. He was in a situation where he was forced to do what the officers told him. <...> Complaining explicitly about the colony rules is not possible without a risk of your situation getting worse. But you can complain about some other things. For example, you can complain about what happened to you in another facility. These topics are safe.»
Vasilisa, former member of the PMC
Invisible issues
There are various groups of people who are in need of special conditions or special treatment, but those needs are ignored by the law enforcement and the Federal Penitentiary Service. Their ill-treatment is not always intentional. Our data rather indicate indifference towards their problems. In this section we will list some of these groups. This list cannot be considered exhaustive: although not all of these groups are small in numbers, the access to their representatives can be difficult.
Homeless people
In general, people who live on the street have problems with documents and do not possess social and financial resources sufficient to defend themselves. They are frequently arrested by
the police, because they are easy targets for «fake» administrative charges. After being taken to the police station, homeless people usually face the hostile attitude — from both the officers and other detainees.
«I remember one woman... That detention room was actually very good. Excellent, I would even say. The woman had nowhere to go. She was an alcoholic. And she was taken there. Other detainees were decent women. So, where to place this one? In the end, the officers washed her clean and gave her a robe. She looked very nice and tidy in that robe.»
Arina, human rights defender
People with addiction
Any kind of addiction, for example, alcohol or drugs, automatically increases a person’s vulnerability. Such people have more chances to be arrested by the police as «easy potential criminals». In addition, any violent action against such individuals by law enforcement officers appears to be justified in the eyes of other people because of the generally negative attitude in society. The officers know that the general public is unlikely to stand up for them.
«That man was a heavy drunkard. He has been suffering from alcohol addiction for a very long time. And the district police officer noticed it. So, why not use him for improving one’s personal records? Unfortunately, this happens all the time, people do not even try to protect their rights, they do not complain. I don’t know why. So, people with previous police records are the target no. 1, that’s for sure. The officers love them. Them and other kinds of dysfunctional individuals.»
Igor, human rights defender, has work experience in the Prosecutor’s Office
Pregnant women and children of female prisoners
The environment of detention facilities is supposed to be suitable, first of all, for adult men. Detention conditions do not get adapted for needs of pregnant or recently delivered women. Such detainees require special conditions and access to specialized medical care.
«The first time... I came into the cell. There was a woman lying on the concrete floor. I was surprised. I was like, “What’s the problem?” She said that she couldn’t get to the second level of the bed. Then I started working on the women’s issues. The officers promised me to find a place for that woman. I visited again four days later. The woman was still lying on the floor. <...> We learn about miscarriage cases and pregnancy termination by accident. There are no records about this anywhere. Such things are not documented. There are no statistics. Try to find official statistics on child mortality and injuries by the Federal Penitentiary Service. You won’t find any data.»
Miron, human rights defender
As we have already mentioned, inter-facility transportation is one of the most difficult periods within the law enforcement system. Children are particularly vulnerable during this time.
«This is not just some kind of a car with several compartments. There are bars. The neighboring car can contain anything and anyone. There can be tuberculosis patients going to a hospital in some other region. There can be mothers with their children. That’s how they spend this time: eight or twelve people in one compartment behind bars. Tell me, what is this? This is barbaric. An ordinary person will certainly find such treatment barbaric, but it is common for the Federal Penitentiary Service. It is not discussed widely, because nobody knows about it.»
Miron, human rights defender
Transgender people
Transgender people (individuals whose gender identity, appearance and behaviour differ from those that are typically associated with their biological sex) face higher degree of stigmatization (36) and higher chances of ill-treatment, since their very way of thinking about themselves challenges the established public perception. The penitentiary system does not take into account problems of such people and do not make any attempts to protect them.
«He is male, according to his documents. but some parts of his body are female, for example, breasts, etc., or he has both male and female organs. So, which colony he should be placed in? In a male one? Where he will most certainly face violence? He has a female physiology. I saw the examination report, the reproductive system was still intact. Under certain conditions, that transgender man was capable of giving birth. But he went to a male prison. Do you understand? Such cases aren’t numerous yet. But they’re still there.»
Miron, human rights defender
Sexuality
People whose sexual orientation is considered unacceptable in prison culture face the same problems. In a male correctional facilities, such individuals are at the bottom of prison hierarchy by default, which makes them especially vulnerable and exposed to violence from both inmates and the prison staff.
«If one’s sexual orientation or previous sexual experiences with men become known in a male prison, the person in question will be bullied and blackmailed. We knew about such things and tried to control them.»
Vasilisa, former member of the PMC
Chapter summary
In this chapter, we have shown that torture and violence are natural attributes of the current law enforcement system. The police and the Federal Penitentiary Service officers can use illtreatment to subdue individuals under their control. The officers receive their power and authority from the state and act on behalf of the state.
We demonstrate that some people face higher risks of the arrest (due to their gender, age, nationality, health and other characteristics) and, in consequence, higher risks of being tortured while in detention and during proceedings against law enforcement officers. Power asymmetry is always present in interactions between citizens and the officers. Personal vulnerabilities contribute to reinforcement of such asymmetry. Power imbalance makes a person more vulnerable.
Some officers try to «make a criminal» out of a detainee. If an individual have resources to protect himself or herself and to resist, the officers’ manipulations might turn out unsuccessful. Does this person have enough experience and understanding of the law enforcement system’s functioning, as well as physical and psychological abilities to withstand the pressure during the arrest and the detention? Is this person legally savvy? Does he or she know people who can help to protect his or her rights? Does this person have time and financial resources to hire lawyers and participate in legal proceedings? The answers to these and other questions determine the degree of vulnerability of each individual, which affects how easily law enforcement officers will be able to obtain confessions or achieve their other goals when interacting with detainees.
«neighbours» in a total institution
From the previous chapter we can conclude that, for the majority of detention and correctional facilities, torture is a normal and routine part of officers’ interactions with detainees. Therefore, it makes sense to consider in details the specifics of such interactions between these two groups in general and figure out what influences them.
When a person is arrested by the police and sent to a remand prison or a correctional facility, he or she has a close contact with law enforcement officers. Contacts with the outside world, family members or loved ones are difficult, and the person is left one-to-one with a new life style and new «neighbours». These neighbours are not only others detainees, as not only suspects «spend time» in a police station, remand prison or correctional facility but police officers and officers of the Federal Penitentiary Service as well.
Plenty of barriers and secrecy catches one’s eye in law enforcement facilities. Police stations, remand prisons and colonies are facilities with a special regime. In order to get inside one needs a special reason, a formal written permission, a badge. To the outside world these places are unfamiliar and incomprehensible. The walls hide the officers along with the detainees.
«Locks are everywhere. I mean, you pass by some metal doors, checkpoints with card readers. You understand that you are behind a certain fence, and it would not be easy to
step out.»
Ruslana, has experience of detention
Following Erving Goffman, sociologists refer to these institutions as total institutions. (37) Total institution is a place where the interaction with the outside world is minimised and the internal routine is managed by the personnel, the main function of which is supervision and control. Without any doubts, correctional facilities, temporary detention facilities, and remand prisons can be classified as total institutions along with army, boarding schools, psychiatric hospitals and monasteries. (38) In all those institutions the everyday routine is centralised. Moreover, the private life, work and sleep of the «tenants» is happening in the same place and is targeted to a common goal (correctional, educational, religious, etc.)
Police stations and even police vans can also fit into the category of total institutions, if we consider the meaning not strictly. Though a stay there is time-limited, and detainees’ behavior is not specially regulated, these detention facilities are closed off to the external world as well as colonies. In addition, routine and procedures there are governed by the administration. Furthermore, oftentimes police officers are willing to discipline detainees. (39) Taking into consideration the aforementioned, all law enforcement institutions can be viewed through the lens of a term «a total institution».
This term explains institutions’ routine functioning, where law enforcement officers («personnel») interact with detainees («tenants»). These institutions are closed off to the outside world. Internal procedures, their regimented rules and roles’ distribution are explicitly regulated.
In this chapter we will use the term «a total institution» to carefully evaluate the conditions in which interaction between law enforcement officers and detainees is happening. We will observe how the interaction of these two groups is shaped according to the specifics of the historically established environment or even despite it. At the same time, we will note the barriers separating these groups and the similarities of their experiences, since any practices that work for the dialogue in a total institution can be used to effectively combat torture and excessive use of force by police officers. Thus, observations about practice of establishing good neighbourly relations are highlighted and presented at the end of the chapter.
opponents in a total institution: tension between law enforcement officers and detainees
Both officers and detainees feel deep mutual mistrust and keep social distance. Each group emphatically differentiates itself from the other one, stresses the differences and the superiority of one group over another, opposing itself to the opponents.
Reciprocal marking of opponents
Even at the language denomination level, there are strong labels and marks that are conspicuous and likely to insult. It is also crucial for law enforcement officers to separate themselves from those whom they guard and from whom they strongly differ.
«At hearings about detention conditions, when I declared that there had been no bedclothes, the FSIN representative said, “It is because we are not a public transportation company, we
deal with special contingent.”»
Aliya, activist, has experience of imprisonment
Below you may find some screenshots from a chat of the Federal Penitentiary Service officers discussion how the detainees should be called. It is worth mentioning that making statements in public and doing something in a real life is different.
